Ophthalmic treatment solution delivery devices and delivery augmentation methods

ABSTRACT

A first sponge device for use to manipulate and prepare the surface of the epithelium of an eye prior to application of an ophthalmic solution has a handle and a sponge head secured to the handle. The head is made of an absorbent, wicking sponge material and has a non-sharp, tissue preparation surface of predetermined shape for rubbing across the surface of the epithelium layer in order to manipulate the tissue. After the surface is prepared, a second, holding sponge is placed over the eye to act as a reservoir and to hold ophthalmic solution against the eye surface.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation application of U.S. application Ser.No. 14/275,192, filed May 12, 2014, which is a continuation-in-part ofInternational Application PCT/US2013/034187, filed Mar. 27, 2013, whichclaims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/617,339, filedMar. 29, 2012, all of which are incorporated by reference herein intheir entireties.

BACKGROUND

Collagen cross-linking is a treatment for multiple ophthalmic disorders.In some cases, collagen cross-linking may also be combined with othertreatments to improve corneal strength or optical refraction, such ascorneal ring segment inserts, topography-guided laser, and the like.Corrective lenses are normally required after these treatments forweakened corneas, but with smaller, more normalized prescriptions.Increased corneal symmetry allows for more comfortable contact lenswear, often of daily disposable lenses. Collagen cross-linking limitsdeterioration of vision, increases unaided and uncorrected vision, andmay reduce the need for corneal transplantation. Collagen cross-linkingmay also have a role in stabilizing and “locking in” refractive effectsof other procedures.

SUMMARY

Disclosed herein, in certain embodiments, is a method of applying anophthalmic composition to an eye, comprising applying the ophthalmiccomposition after preparing the epithelium of an eye for more effectivetreatment. In some embodiments, the method comprises preparing theepithelium of the eye by rubbing or contacting the eye with a firstsponge device, so as to manipulate or “buff” the tissue of theepithelium. In some embodiments, the method comprises preparing theepithelium of the eye by rubbing the eye with the first sponge device ina circular pattern. In some embodiments, the method comprises removinglipids, mucus and microvilli. In some embodiments, the first spongedevice comprises a handle with a sponge attached to one end of thehandle for contacting the eye. In some embodiments, the sponge is dry orpre-wetted with an ophthalmic composition. In some embodiments, thesponge is pre-wetted with a riboflavin composition, artificial tears, ora combination thereof. In some embodiments, use of the first spongedevice to prepare the epithelium markedly increases the permeability ofthe epithelium to medications or ophthalmic solutions applied to thesurface of the epithelium after preparation or polishing with thebuffing or polishing sponge.

In some embodiments, the method further comprises applying theophthalmic composition with a second, loading sponge or sponge device.In some embodiments, the method further comprises placing the secondsponge or sponge device over the eye to act as a depot or reservoir forholding the ophthalmic composition or solution in contact with the eyesurface over an area where the solution needs to be absorbed into theeye.

In certain embodiments, the second sponge device comprises a round,loading sponge which peri- or pre-operatively covers all or a portion ofthe eye surface. In some embodiments, the size of the loading spongedoes not exceed the eye surface. In some embodiments, the diameter ofthe sponge is about 3 mm. to about 12 mm. In some embodiments, thesecond sponge device has a diameter of around 11.5 mm and may bepre-formed to follow the curvature of most or all of the exposed, curvedsurface of the eye or may be of flexible material designed to adopt theshape of the exposed, curved surface of the eye. In some embodiments,the second sponge device or loading sponge may be pre-saturated with anophthalmic solution. In some embodiments, the second sponge device maybe placed on the eye surface and solution can be dripped onto the spongedevice after placement. In some embodiments, the ophthalmic solution maycomprise 0.2% to 10.0% by weight riboflavin in an aqueous carrier, andoptionally, sodium iodide, catalase, artificial tears, or anycombinations thereof.

Disclosed herein, in certain embodiments, is a first or preparationsponge device for use in manipulation of tissue on the surface of an eyeprior to application of the second sponge device or loading sponge. Thefirst, preparation sponge device comprises a preparation sponge having atissue preparation surface shaped for manipulating and rubbing acrossthe surface of an eye. In some embodiments, the preparation sponge haslittle or no risk of disrupting or perforating the epithelium. In someembodiments, the first sponge device further comprises a handleoperatively connected to the preparation sponge. In some embodiments,the first sponge device may be a spherical or part spherical spongewithout a handle, and may be held by forceps or similar instrumentsduring preparation of the eye surface. In some embodiments, at least thetissue preparation surface of the sponge is round or at least partiallyround. In some embodiments, at least the tissue preparation surface ofthe sponge does not have sharp edges. In some embodiments, the tissuepreparation surface of the sponge is rounded. In some embodiments thesponge of the first sponge device is of part circular shape. In someembodiments, the sponge may have a straight edge or other shaped edgeattached to the handle. In some embodiments, the preparation sponge ismade of a cellulose sponge material. In some embodiments, thepreparation sponge is made of polyvinyl acetate (PVA) sponge material.In some embodiments, the preparation sponge is wetted with an ophthalmicsolution prior to use in preparation of the eye surface. In someembodiments, the ophthalmic solution is 0.2% to 10.0% by weightriboflavin in an aqueous carrier, and optionally, sodium iodide,catalase, artificial tears, or any combinations thereof.

Use of the first, preparation sponge device followed by the secondsponge device or loading sponge may augment or enhance delivery of anyophthalmic treatment solution to the eye for use in photochemicaltreatment of the cornea or for other types of treatment, such asapplication of eye medications such as glaucoma medications oranti-inflammatory medications such as steroids. In certain embodiments,the treatment solution is a riboflavin solution.

Disclosed herein, in certain embodiments, are sponges that improve thepassage or penetration of riboflavin or other ophthalmic drugs throughthe epithelial barrier to avoid the surgical complications that arisefrom de-epithelialization, which can result in more disruption of thetissue than is necessary for the procedure to be effective. Thereduction in patient discomfort combined with more rapid restoration ofvisual acuity make a trans-epithelial procedure better for the patient.In some embodiments, the first and second sponge devices are sterile. Insome embodiments, the preparation sponge is part circular shape when dryand is configured to absorb liquid and expand into a spherical orpart-spherical shape when wetted. In some embodiments, the preparationsponge is spherical or part-spherical in its dry condition. Thepreparation sponge may be of cellulose, PVA, or urethane spongematerial. The first sponge device or preparation sponge has little or norisk of disrupting or perforating the epithelium, resulting in as littledisruption of the epithelium as possible while still increasingpenetration of the riboflavin or other solution into the deeper layersof the cornea without disrupting or causing any significant epithelialdefects in the corneal surface.

In some embodiments, the first or preparation sponge device is of spongeor other sponge-like materials designed to enhance epithelialpermeability by gently removing lipids, mucus, and dead surfaceepithelial cells. In some embodiments, the preparation sponge ispackaged along with a blunt plastic shaft or other tool to assist in“twirling” this sponge around on the cornea or sclera or other parts ofthe eye to manipulate the tissue to be treated in an effort to enhancepenetration of the riboflavin or other solution into the eye.

Further disclosed herein, in certain embodiments, is a method of using afirst sponge device or preparation sponge as disclosed herein to improvethe penetration of riboflavin or other ophthalmic drugs through theepithelial barrier to avoid the surgical complications that arise fromde-epithelialization, which in some embodiments result in moredisruption of the tissue than is necessary for the procedure to beeffective. The reduction in patient discomfort combined with more rapidrestoration of visual acuity make a trans-epithelial procedure betterfor the patient. In some embodiments, the preparation sponge is rubbedgently over the surface of the eye in a circular pattern afterapplication of a topical anesthetic, in order to prepare the epitheliumfor improved penetration of riboflavin or other solutions. In someembodiments, the method removes lipids, mucus, microvilli and othernatural barriers to riboflavin or other ocular solutions loading intothe deeper ocular tissues. In some embodiments, it is possible that thispreparation may produce very fine micro-abrasion to allow the riboflavinsolution to penetrate through the epithelium into the cornea moreeasily, but this is not essential and may not occur in all cases. Insome embodiments, the method has little or no risk of disrupting orperforating the epithelium resulting in as little disruption of theepithelium as possible while still increasing penetration of theriboflavin or other solution into the deeper layers of the cornea. Insome embodiments, the method further comprises applying an ophthalmicsolution (e.g., a riboflavin solution) to the eye in any suitablemanner. In some embodiments, the ophthalmic solution is applied througha second, loading sponge placed over the eye to act as a depot orreservoir for the ophthalmic solution, since the tear film itself isonly about 5 microns thick, which offers only a very small reservoir ofriboflavin solution. This also moisturizes the corneal surface.

In various embodiments, the sponge device is used in one or moremicrosurgical ophthalmic procedures for tissue manipulation andmanagement of fluids. In other embodiments, the sponge device is used inone or more microsurgical ophthalmic procedures for the management ofone or more fluids. In some embodiments, the sponge device is placed onthe cornea to moisten the cornea during one or more microsurgicalprocedures.

The above devices and methods may be used in various microsurgicalophthalmic procedures, including preparation of the epithelium forloading of one or more fluids through the epithelium into the eye forphotochemical or other treatment.

Other features and advantages of the present disclosure will become morereadily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art after reviewingthe following detailed description and accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The details of the present disclosure, both as to its structure andoperation, may be gleaned in part by study of the accompanying drawings,in which like reference numerals refer to like parts, and in which:

FIG. 1 exemplifies an enlarged perspective view of one embodiment of apreparation or tissue manipulating sponge device for use in preparingthe corneal epithelium for subsequent application of an ocular treatmentsolution to the eye;

FIG. 2 is a cross section on the lines 2-2 of FIG. 1;

FIG. 3A is a top plan view of a spear shaped sponge attached to thehandle of FIGS. 1 and 2 prior to cutting the sponge into the roundedshape of FIGS. 1 and 2, according to one example of a method of makingthe preparation sponge device of FIGS. 1 and 2;

FIG. 3B is a top plan view of a sponge blank attached to the handle ofFIGS. 1 and 2 prior to cutting the sponge into the rounded shape ofFIGS. 1 and 2, according to another example of a method of making thepreparation sponge device of FIGS. 1 and 2

FIG. 4 is a cut away top perspective view of the tissue preparationsponge device of FIGS. 1 to 3, showing the sponge head with part of thehandle cut away, with the sponge head in a dry condition;

FIG. 5 is a side elevation view of the preparation sponge device ofFIGS. 1 to 4, with the handle partially cut away as in FIGS. 2 and 4;

FIG. 6 is a top end perspective view of the preparation sponge device ofFIGS. 1 to 5, with the handle partially cut away as in FIGS. 4 and 5;

FIGS. 7 to 9 are cut away views of the preparation sponge devicecorresponding to the views of FIGS. 4 to 6 but with the sponge head in awet, expanded condition;

FIG. 10 illustrates an exemplary use of the sponge of FIGS. 1 to 9 tomanipulate the corneal surface in a swirl action;

FIGS. 11A to 11C are top plan views illustrating some other embodimentsof the buffing or polishing sponge device with a sponge head of circularshape;

FIG. 12 is a top plan view illustrating another embodiment of thebuffing or polishing sponge device having a spherical sponge head;

FIG. 13 is a perspective view illustrating an embodiment of a secondsponge device or loading sponge placed on an eye for holding and loadingof an ophthalmic treatment solution;

FIG. 14 is a vertical cross-sectional view illustrating the secondsponge device of FIG. 13 following the curvature of most of the eyesurface, with details of the eye itself omitted;

FIG. 15 is a perspective view similar to FIG. 13 illustrating a modifiedembodiment of a round loading sponge; and

FIG. 16 illustrates tabulated examples of corneal saturation or loadingtimes (in minutes) for a 0.1% riboflavin solution and a 0.5% riboflavinsolution when the epithelium is prepared or manipulated with the spongedevice of FIGS. 1 to 9 and one of the solution holding or loadingsponges of FIGS. 13 to 15 is used to load the riboflavin treatmentsolution.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Certain embodiments as disclosed herein provide for ocular treatmentsolution delivery devices and delivery augmentation methods. Forexample, according to embodiments of the disclosure, devices and methodsare provided for preparing the corneal epithelium for better penetrationof riboflavin solutions or other ophthalmic solutions into the cornea.

A popular treatment of corneal diseases, including keratoconus,post-LASIK ectasia, and pellucid marginal degeneration, involves theremoval of the epithelium followed by administration of a riboflavinsolution and irradiation by ultraviolet-A light. Riboflavin acts as aphotosensitizer and facilitates the cross-linking of stromal collagenfiber which prevents further disease progression. However, the removalof the epithelium carries numerous risks for the patient, includingpost-operative pain, infection risk, delayed wound healing, cornealperforation, stromal haze, and herpetic keratitis. Therefore, it wouldbe safer to treat the patient without having to surgically remove theepithelium. Unfortunately, there are many obstacles to this approachbecause the intact epithelium prevents the cornea from rapidly andconveniently absorbing the riboflavin solution. This invention disclosesnovel devices and methods for allowing convenient treatment of cornealdiseases with medications or with ophthalmic solutions such asriboflavin solutions without removing the epithelium, and may increasethe effectiveness of such treatments.

After reading this description it will become apparent to one skilled inthe art how to implement the disclosure in various alternativeembodiments and alternative applications. However, although variousembodiments of the present disclosure will be described herein, it isunderstood that these embodiments are presented by way of example only,and not limiting. As such, this detailed description of variousalternative embodiments should not be construed to limit the scope orbreadth of the present disclosure as set forth in the appended claims.

The time period for sufficient riboflavin to penetrate into the corneawhen the solution is applied in drops to the eye without removal ortreatment of the epithelium layer can be one to three hours. This is aproblem for both patients undergoing treatment and for surgeons, in viewof the extended time period needed. In some embodiments described below,eye surface preparation or manipulation reduces the initial time neededfor an ophthalmic solution (e.g., a riboflavin solution or otherophthalmic solution) to penetrate sufficiently into the cornea in aslittle as seven to eleven minutes without requiring removal of theepithelium, significantly reducing patient discomfort and the timeneeded to complete the treatment.

Manipulation of the epithelium prepares it for improved penetration ofthe epithelium by the ophthalmic solution (e.g., a riboflavin solution),without having to remove the epithelium altogether. The cornea absorbsthe riboflavin well until the corneal stroma is sufficiently loaded.

FIGS. 1 to 10 illustrate an exemplary device and method for improvingthe penetration of riboflavin or other ophthalmic solutions or fluidsthrough the epithelial barrier, while avoiding the surgicalcomplications that arise from deepithelialization. The reduction inpatient discomfort, the more rapid restoration of visual acuity, and thereduced risk of infection or stromal haze make a trans epithelialprocedure better for the patient.

In some embodiments, a first or preparation sponge device 20 asillustrated in FIG. 1-9 is rubbed gently over the surface of the eye 26after application of a topical anesthetic, as illustrated in FIG. 10.The sponge may be rubbed gently in a circular or swirling manner, inorder to manipulate the eye surface, in other words to “buff” or“polish” the eye to a dull sheen. In one embodiment, preparation spongedevice 20 comprises an elongate handle or shaft 21 with a grippingportion 22 at one end and a sponge head 24 of relatively rigid spongematerial attached to the other end of shaft 21, as illustrated inFIG. 1. When dry, the head 24 of this embodiment is a generally flat,part-circular or part disk shaped piece of surgical or medical gradesponge material such as relatively rigid, highly absorbent naturalcellulose or highly absorbent, fast wicking polyvinyl acetate (PVA)material or the like, for example Ultracell® PVA or other spongematerials used in Weck-Cel® fluid control medical sponges asmanufactured by Beaver-Visitec of Waltham, Mass. The handle shaft 21 maybe of any suitable material, such as injection molded plastic material,and may be transparent or opaque.

Sponge 24 has a rounded edge or rim 25 and a straight edge or rim 27,and is held at the center of the straight edge in recess 28 betweenspaced claws or end portions 29 of the shaft 21, as illustrated in FIG.2. Sponge 24 may be secured in recess 28 via adhesive or the like. FIGS.3A and 3B illustrate some alternative methods for manufacture of thepreparation sponge device 20. The manufacturing method may be similar tothat for conventional spear shaped medical sponges. In FIG. 3A, a spearshaped sponge 35 is secured to handle 21, and sponge 35 is then cutalong line 25 to form part circular sponge 24. The thus-formed roundededge or rim 25 forms more than half of the periphery of a circle, as canbe seen in FIG. 3A. In FIG. 3B, a sponge blank 36 is attached to handle21, and is cut along line 25 to form the part-circular sponge 24. Ineach case, the rounded edge 25 passes the half way or semi-circle pointand starts to curve back in towards the handle, as illustrated in FIGS.1 and 4. The thickness of the sponge may be around 1 mm while thediameter of the part circular sponge may be in the range from 4.5 mm toaround 8 mm. In one example, the diameter of the part-circular edge wasabout 6.5 mm.

FIGS. 1, 2 and 4 to 6 illustrate the sponge device 20 from differentdirections, with the sponge 24 in a dry, unexpanded state. When thesponge is wetted, the sponge material swells and continues to swelluntil it creates a rounded ball-like or substantially spherical shape,as illustrated in FIGS. 7 to 9. The handle attachment at the center ofthe sponge restricts the central portion from swelling, while allowingthe remainder of the sponge to swell or expand freely, creating eyepreparation surfaces 30 which are all rounded when the sponge issufficiently wetted, as seen in FIGS. 7 to 9. Because the spongecomprises more than half of a circle and the straight edge 27 of thesponge faces towards the handle when the device is in use, the straightedges on each side of the attachment area are moved away from thetreatment area as the sponge device is wetted and expands, forming agenerally V-shape as seen in FIGS. 7 and 9. This moves edge surfacesaway from the treatment area and avoids the risk of an edge surfacecontacting the eye.

In some embodiments, the sponge 24 is pre-wetted prior to use so that itis in the expanded condition of FIGS. 7 to 9 before contacting the eye.Once wetted, the material has a softness and roundness that reduces therisk of causing epithelial defects when rubbing gently over theepithelial surface of the eye, as illustrated in FIG. 10. In otherembodiments, the sponge may not be pre-wetted prior to use, but startsswelling and rounding up when touched to the tear meniscus from contactwith eye fluids, so that it softens prior to the eye surface preparationprocedure.

In some embodiments, rubbing or buffing the epithelium gently with theexpanded sponge 24 removes lipids, mucus and microvilli as well as deadepithelial cells which would otherwise resist penetration of fluidthrough the epithelium. In some embodiments, the wet sponge is rubbedgently over the surface of the eye, for example in a circular pattern.In some embodiments, a topical anesthetic is applied to the eye beforethe application and use of the wet sponge.

FIGS. 11A to 11C illustrate modified sponge devices 75A, 75B and 75C,respectively, which are similar to the sponge device of FIGS. 1 to 9,but have a completely circular head 76A, 76B, 76C attached to handle 21instead of a part circular head with a straight lower edge as in thefirst embodiment. In some embodiments, the head diameters in FIGS. 11Ato 11C are around 8 mm, 6.5 mm, and 4.5 mm, respectively, and the drysponge head has flat opposite faces as in the first embodiments. Whenwetted, the sponge heads of FIGS. 11A to 11C also expand to asubstantially spherical shape. Modified sponge device 78 of FIG. 12 hasa spherical head 80 of expanded foam material. This device is ready touse with a completely rounded surface, and absorbs liquid at a fasterrate than the dry, compressed foam heads of the previous embodiments.Head 80 may be made of urethane sponge material, for example. Thissponge device maintains structural rigidity for preparation of theepithelium for penetration of riboflavin solutions or other solutions ormedications.

Any suitable sponge shape or material is contemplated for use with themethods disclosed herein, including the sponge head shape of the firstembodiment (FIGS. 1 to 10) as well as the alternative sponge head shapesof FIG. 11A to 12, as well as other shapes. In alternative embodiments,the preparation sponge device may be of more oval, Q-tip like shape, ormay comprise a sponge or instrument wipe wrapped around a finger.However, the sponge head shape of FIGS. 1 to 10 is found to work well inreducing the risk of causing injury or epi-defects while improvingdelivery of ophthalmic solution to the cornea, due to the generallyrounded shape as well as the elimination of any sharp edges in the eyepreparation surface portion when the sponge is wetted and expands asseen in FIGS. 7 to 9. The sponge heads of FIG. 11A to 11C will alsoexpand to a rounded, partially or completely spherical shape on wetting.The spherical sponge head of FIG. 12 is already completely expanded androunded prior to use and absorbs liquid at a faster wicking rate thanthe heads of the other embodiments which are of dry compressed foam. Thesponge heads in any of the preceding embodiments may be pre-wettedeither prior to application to the eye or by placing on the eye surfaceto absorb tears, after which the head tends to swell or expand to a morerounded off shape with no sharp edges in the partially spherical tissuepreparation surface.

After completion of the polishing or buffing step, an ophthalmicsolution is applied to the eye in any suitable manner. In someembodiments, the ophthalmic solution is applied through a second spongedevice which comprises a solution holding or loading/moistening sponge24 placed over the eye 26 as illustrated in FIGS. 13 and 14. Sponge 40of FIG. 13 is circular and is thin enough to form to the curvature ofthe eye surface 41, as illustrated in FIG. 14. In some embodiments,solution holding or loading sponge 40 is of diameter large enough tocover or drape over all or most of the eye when centrally positioned asillustrated in FIGS. 13 and 14, while in other embodiments, a smallerdiameter loading sponge 80 which covers the corneal area of the eye onlymay be used, as illustrated in FIG. 15, depending on the desiredtreatment area. In the embodiment of FIGS. 13 and 14, the spongediameter is in the range from about 10 mm to about 12 mm, and has athickness of the order of about 0.5 mm to about 3 mm. In one embodiment,the sponge diameter is about 11.5 mm. FIG. 15 illustrates smallerdiameter solution holding or loading sponge 80 which covers at least thecorneal area of the eye and may have a diameter in the range from about3 mm to about 9 mm. In some embodiments, the sponges 40 and 80 are inthe range of about 0.5 mm to about 5 mm in thickness. In someembodiments, the sponge becomes more flexible when soaked in ophthalmicsolution so that it adopts the curvature of the eye when placed and thuscontacts most of the area of the eye to allow the solution to penetratethrough the epithelium into the cornea or other underlying regions ofthe eye. Sponge 40 may also be pre-formed in a dry state to conform orfit to the curvature of the eye surface. Although FIGS. 13 and 15illustrate the eye being held open by a speculum during the solutionloading procedure, this is often not necessary either for the eyepreparation step of FIG. 12 or the loading procedure using sponge 40 or80. In fact, the surgeon may hold the eye open manually during theseprocedures, or in some cases the patient may simply try not to blink.

In some embodiments, the ophthalmic solution is dripped onto the holdingor loading sponge while it is placed over the eye, or the sponge ispre-soaked with the ophthalmic solution, or both. The second, loadingsponge, for example sponge 40 or 80, acts as a reservoir to hold thesolution against the eye surface and to allow application of additionalsolution. Simply dropping ophthalmic solution directly onto the eyesurface or placing drops onto the eye results in the drops running offthe eye, and has a limited effect. In contrast, the solution holdingsponge of this embodiment places ophthalmic solution directly againstthe surface of the eye in a location where treatment is needed over anextended time period, allowing more efficient penetration into thecornea. In some embodiments, the ophthalmic solution is a riboflavinsolution of 0.2% to 10.0% by weight riboflavin in an aqueous carrier,and optionally, sodium iodide, catalase, artificial tear solution or anycombination thereof. If the sponge is pre-loaded with riboflavin, it isstored in a dark packaging material prior to use to avoid or reducelight degradation. In some embodiments, the riboflavin solution containsother additives for increased cross-linking, for example additives asdescribed in PCT Application Publication No. WO 2013/148896. In someembodiments, the sponge is round, but the sponge may be of other shapes(such as oval or eye shaped) in alternative embodiments. In someembodiments, the solution holding or loading sponge operatively coversall or a portion of the eye or the cornea. In some embodiments, theholding sponge is made from any suitable sponge material such ascellulose or any fast wicking, lint-free material such as polyvinylacetate, for example any of the materials described above in connectionwith the manipulation or preparation sponge devices of FIGS. 1 to 12.The sponge material of both the preparation sponge device 20 and theholding or loading sponge 40 in one embodiment was PVA sponge materialwith a pore size in the range of about 60 microns to about 1000 microns.In one embodiment, the pore size of both sponges was in the range fromabout 60 to about 120 microns. In one example, the pore size was about60 microns. In one embodiment, the holding or loading sponge may have alarger pore size than the preparation sponge 24 in order to hold moreliquid for corneal loading purposes.

Where the sponge is a round sponge, the sponge operatively covers all ora portion of the eye or the cornea. In some embodiments, the size of thesponge does not exceed the size of the eye or the cornea. In someembodiments, the diameter of the sponge is about 3 mm to about 12 mm. Insome embodiments, the sponge is about 1 mm to about 5 mm in thickness. Aseries of different diameter loading sponges may be provided forselection by the physician depending on the desired treatment area.

The above sponges may be used in the two stage method described abovefor enhanced, faster penetration of any ocular treatment solutionthrough the epithelium and into the cornea, while reducing or minimizingthe risk of epithelial defects. The ophthalmic solution may be an ocularriboflavin solution for use in corneal treatment such as photochemicalcross linking, or for other ophthalmic uses. In one embodiment, themethod may be used for application of a riboflavin solution whichcontains 0.1 wt. % to 5.0 wt. % riboflavin in an aqueous carriersolution, or up to 10.0% in some cases. In some embodiments, thesolution contains about 0.5 wt. % riboflavin. In other examples, thesolution contains about 1.0 wt. % riboflavin or about 2.0 wt. %riboflavin. The higher concentration of riboflavin can increase cornealcross-linking if associated with higher amounts of oxygen in the cornea.The riboflavin solution may be stored in an actinic glass or UV andvisible light protected plastic containers prior to use, to avoidactivation of the riboflavin by ambient light.

The above devices and methods are designed to increase permeability ofthe epithelium layer with low or minimal epithelial defects resultingfrom the preparation or tissue manipulation step. Results of testingshow that use of the sponge of FIGS. 1 to 9 with a part-circular edge,which expands to a part-spherical or ball-like shape when wetted, mayeliminate or substantially eliminate epithelial defects. Similar resultsmay be achieved with the sponges of FIGS. 11A to 11C with a completelycircular edges, which also expand to a completely or partially sphericalshape, as well as the sponge device of FIG. 12, which is pre-expanded toa spherical shape. Methods using the preparation sponge device of FIGS.1 to 9 and the loading or holding sponge device of FIGS. 13 to 15 havealso been found to significantly reduce the time needed for sufficientriboflavin solution to penetrate into and saturate the cornea, ascompared to the time needed with no pre-treatment of the epithelium toincrease permeability. Some examples are provided below.

EXAMPLE

Two formulations of riboflavin solution were tested to determinesaturation or riboflavin solution loading time after pre-treatment ofthe epithelium using the preparation sponge devices of the aboveembodiments. Formulation 1 had a riboflavin concentration of 0.1%.Formulation 2 had a riboflavin concentration of 0.5%. Results arecompared in FIG. 16.

Saturation was determined using “serial slit-lamp assessments” of thecornea at approximately 5 minute intervals. Riboflavin has acharacteristic green color when illuminated with visible light.Slit-lamp assessments using visible light reveal the depth anduniformity of riboflavin throughout the corneal thickness.

Inclusion Criteria:

Patients who had undergone trans-epithelial cross-linking in one or botheyes were included in the analysis. Patients with a diagnosis ofkeratoconus or post-LASIK ectasia were included in this analysis.

Exclusion Criteria:

Patients with previous RK, INTACS, more than one cross-linking procedureper eye, and/or patients who were pseudo-phakic or had a diagnosis ofnuclear sclerotic cataract were excluded from this analysis

Results—Formulation 1, 0.1% Riboflavin, Formulation 2, 0.5% Riboflavin

The results are shown in FIG. 16. Trans epithelial loading time usingone of the loading sponges described above with formulation 1 rangedfrom 30 minutes minimum to 56 minutes maximum, with an average loadingtime of 40.4 minutes. Trans epithelial loading time with formulation 2ranged from 7 to 30 minutes with an average loading time of 12.14minutes.

The time period for good, homogeneous loading of riboflavin solutioninto the cornea, i.e. trans epithelial riboflavin loading time, wasabout 10 to 30 minutes using the delivery augmentation and deliverymethods described above. Corresponding loading times without removal orpre-treatment of the epithelium can be up to three hours, significantlyadding to the overall time for completion of a corneal treatmentprocedure.

The above description of the disclosed embodiments is provided to enableany person skilled in the art to make or use the invention. Variousmodifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to thoseskilled in the art, and the generic principles described herein can beapplied to other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scopeof the invention. Thus, it is to be understood that the description anddrawings presented herein present exemplary embodiments of the inventionand are therefore representative of the subject matter which is broadlycontemplated by the present invention. It is further understood that thescope of the present invention fully encompasses other embodiments thatmay become obvious to those skilled in the art and that the scope of thepresent invention is accordingly limited by nothing other than theappended claims.

We claim:
 1. A loading sponge for use in holding an ophthalmic solutionagainst a curved surface of an eye, wherein the loading sponge comprisesa size large enough to cover an entire cornea of the eye and a thicknessof between 0.5 mm and 5 mm, wherein the loading sponge acts as areservoir to hold the ophthalmic solution against the curved surface ofthe eye where treatment is needed over an extended time period, allowingefficient penetration of the ophthalmic solution into the cornea.
 2. Theloading sponge of claim 1, wherein the size is a diameter is between 10mm and 12 mm.
 3. The loading sponge of claim 1, wherein the size is adiameter is between 3 mm and 9 mm.
 4. The loading sponge of claim 1,wherein the thickness is between 0.5 mm and 3 mm.
 5. The loading spongeof claim 1, wherein application of the ophthalmic solution onto theloading sponge causes the loading sponge to be more flexible such thatit adapts to a curvature of the curved surface of the eye.
 6. Theloading sponge of claim 1, wherein the loading sponge is pre-formed in adry state to conform to a curvature of the curved surface of the eye. 7.The loading sponge of claim 1, wherein the loading sponge is wetted withthe ophthalmic solution, and wherein the ophthalmic solution comprises0.2% to 10% by weight riboflavin in an aqueous carrier.
 8. The loadingsponge of claim 7, wherein the ophthalmic solution further comprises atleast one of sodium iodide, catalase, and an artificial tear solution.9. The loading sponge of claim 1, wherein the loading sponge is made ofa fast-wicking, lint-free material.
 10. The loading sponge of claim 9,wherein the material comprises at least one of cellulose and a polyvinylcompound.
 11. The loading sponge of claim 10, wherein the materialcomprises the polyvinyl compound, and wherein the polyvinyl compound ispolyvinyl acetate.
 12. The loading sponge of claim 1, wherein theloading sponge is made of a material having a pore size in the range ofbetween 60 and 120 microns.
 13. The loading sponge of claim 1, whereinthe sponge device is a circular, disc-shaped sponge.